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External Reconstruction. Internal Reconstruction Reorganisation Study Material notes in hindi Can Help You While Prepairing For BCom 3rd Year Examination. However, the true history is quite different: there were no diphthongs in Proto-Romance. The first assumption is that in pairs like bolbér/buélbe, the root vowels were originally the same. A pre-gradation phonology can be derived for each of the three groups by internal reconstruction, but it was actually an innovation in the Finnic branch of Uralic, rather than the individual languages. When applying internal reconstruction to related languages prior to applying the comparative method, one must check that the analysis does not remove the shared innovations that characterize subgroups. On 31st March, 2012, Thin Ltd. was absorbed by Thick Ltd., the latter taking over all the assets and … Such an accentual system is very common in the world's languages (Czech, Latvian, Finnish, Hungarian, and, with certain complications, High German and Old English) but was definitely not the accentual system of Proto-Indo-European. A scheme of re-organisation is prepared in which all parties sacrifice. Internal reconstruction refers to restructuring of the existing company to set off its past losses against future profits. The same suffix was involved in both types but with a 180° reversal of "strategy." In short, during the atonic shortening, the tonic accent was two syllables after the affected vowel and was later retracted to its current position. That is, the result of the analysis is the same as the input. 10. There are no verbs of Latin or French origin (the latter is harder to notice); all stems like depict, enact, denote, elude, preclude, convict are Type I. In modern formations, stems that end in /t d/ preserve the vowel of the preterite marker. Calculation of Purchase consideration: Particulars Amount 50,000 6,000 80,000 Payment to preference … Indeed, it was one of the innovations defining that branch. Objectives : The purpose of internal reconstruction is to set off the past losses against future profits. Advanced Accounts Revision Capsule by ICAI; Advanced Accounts Revision Book; Advance Accounts Handwritten Notes AS-4; AS-5; AS-7; AS-9; AS-14; AS-17; AS-18; AS-19; AS-20; AS-22; AS-24; AS-26; Amalgamation; Internal Reconstruction… However, words like division and vicious (compare vice) have lost a syllable in the first place, which would be an insuperable obstacle to a correct analysis. In some cases, it is also desirable to use internal reconstruction to uncover an earlier form of various languages and then submit those pre- languages to the comparative method. It is possible to apply internal reconstruction even to proto-languages reconstructed by the comparative method. Internal reconstruction refers to making internal arrangements for overcoming financial difficulties. Such evidence will consist of variation between forms which can be plausibly Under this scheme company continues its legal existence. Meaning of Reconstruction Internal reconstruction | accounting | class 12 | bcom | ca | cs | cma | - YouTube. [2][better source needed], Language forms that are reconstructed by internal reconstruction are denoted with the pre- prefix, as in Pre-Old Japanese, like the use of proto- to indicate a language reconstructed by means of the comparative method, as in Proto-Indo-European. Even if a secondary split (see phonological change) often results in alternations that signal a historical split, the conditions involved are usually immune to recovery by internal reconstruction. Accounts of Holding Companies. Sections 94 to 97 of the Companies Act relating to alteration of share capital. That evidence shows that the absence of a "dental preterite" marker on roots ending in apical stops in Type II reflects a more original state of affairs. Here is a compilation of top four accounting problems on alteration of share capital and internal reconstruction with its relevant solutions. Internal reconstruction of a company is … Sections 100 to 105 of the Companies Act with respect to reduction of share capital. One might notice further, upon looking at other Spanish forms, that the nucleus /ue/ is found only in stressed syllables even other than in verb forms. In addition, the market … INTERNAL RECONSTRUCTION Meaning: It refers to the reconstruct the business without its liquidation. Internal Reconstruction Notes - ACCOUNTING SOLUTIONS SCO 209 First Floor Sector-36\/D Chandigarh(M 0172-4670390-5017149 9876149390 INTERNAL It is of 3 types (Actually, both were involved.). There are two methods of reconstruction which are internal reconstruction and external reconstruction. 8. External reconstruction refers to forming of a new company to take over the assets and liabilities of old company. Although Modern English has very little affixal morphology, its number includes a marker of the preterite, other than verbs with vowel changes of the find/found sort, and almost all verbs that end in /t d/ take /ɪd/ as the marker of the preterite, as seen in Type I. End-Notes: faciō "do", participle factus, but perficiō, perfectus "complete, accomplish"; amīcus "friend" but inimīcus "unfriendly, hostile"; legō "gather", but colligō "bind, tie together", participle collectus; emō "take; buy", but redimō "buy back", participle redemptus; locus "place" but īlicō "on the spot" (< *stloc-/*instloc-); capiō "take, seize", participle captus but percipiō "lay hold of", perceptus; arma "weapon" but inermis "unarmed"; causa "lawsuit, quarrel" but incūsō "accuse, blame"; claudō "shut", inclūdō "shut in"; caedō "fell, cut", but concīdō "cut to pieces"; and damnō "find guilty" but condemnō "sentence" (verb). Internal reconstruction can also draw limited inferences from peculiarities of distribution. However, no denominative verbs (those formed from nouns like to gut, to braid, to hoard, to bed, to court, to head, to hand) are in Type II. In Spanish, as in most other Romance languages, the two fall together in unstressed syllables, but *ɔ breaks into the complex nucleus /ue/ in stressed syllables. Where the accent used to be and what the rules, if any, are for its relocation in Modern English cannot be recovered by internal reconstruction. It is actually possible to reconstruct the history of the English vowel system with great accuracy but not by internal reconstruction. There was an *o (reflecting Latin ŭ and ō) and an *ɔ (reflecting Latin ŏ). Assets Rs. It does not require the binding of the existing company. Consider the following forms from Spanish, spelled phonemically rather than orthographically: One pattern of inflection shows alternation between /o/ and /ue/; the other type has /o/ throughout. Share Capital - Alteration Of Share Capital, Advanced Corporate Accounting. IPCC__33e_Accounts_Group-II_Internal Reconstruction. That fact would be missed if the comparanda of the Uralic family included as primary data the "degraded" states of Finnish, Estonian, and Sami.[4][5]. Download Advanced Accounting Notes for CA Inter Jan/Feb 2021 Exams Advanced Accounting Revision Notes. It necessarily involves the reduction of share capital. Revision Notes On Limited Companies: Issue Shares On Installment & Method Of Raising Share Capital; Comments are closed now. It is a scheme in which efforts are made to bail out the company from losses and put it in profitable position. Joint Reconstruction Market Research and Forecast - Joint Reconstruction Market, Size, Share, Market Intelligence, Company Profiles, Market Trends, Strategy, Analysis, Forecast 2017-2022 JOINT RECONSTRUCTION MARKET INSIGHTS The joint reconstruction devices market is highly competitive and fragmented with the presence of numerous domestic and global vendors. The need for internal reconstruction. Care must be taken, however, because internal reconstruction performed on languages before the comparative method is applied can remove significant evidence of the earlier state of the language and thus reduce the accuracy of the reconstructed proto-language. Editor's Note | Fall 2020. Editor's Notes. ♦ Convert shares into stock and stock into shares. While winding up of companies is called external restructuring, such measures taken by the company in order to curb its losses, as dealt in this articles is called the internal restructuring of the company. Note : The candidate should be permitted to use battery operated pocket calculator that should not have more than 12 digits, 6 functions and 2 memories and should be noiseless and cordless. As happened here, reduction in contrast in a vowel system is very commonly associated with position in atonic (unaccented) syllables, but Latin's tonic accent of reficiō and refectus is on the same syllable as simplex faciō, factus, which is true of almost all of the examples given (cólligō, rédimō, īlicō (initial-syllable accent) are the only exceptions) and indeed for most examples of such alternations in the language. Part of the problem is that English has alternations between diphthongs and monophthongs (between Middle English long and short vowels, respectively) from at least six different sources, the oldest (such as in write, written) dating all the way back to Proto-Indo-European. Last edited on 15 December 2020, at 22:45, Learn how and when to remove these template messages, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_reconstruction&oldid=994479149, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 December 2020, at 22:45. One might guess that the difference between the two sets can be explained by two different native markers of the third-person singular, but a basic principle of linguistic analysis is that one cannot and should not try to analyze data that one does not have. [citation needed], Internal reconstruction, when it is not a sort of preliminary to the application of the comparative method, is most useful if the analytic power of the comparative method is unavailable. [citation needed]. That fits with vowel contrasts often being preserved differently in stressed and unstressed environments and that the usual relationship is that there are more contrasts in stressed syllables than in unstressed ones since previously-distinctive vowels fell together in unstressed environments. Internal Reconstruction Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: ♦ Understand the meaning of term “reconstruction”. ce-cid-, dīcō "speak", participle dictus, that is, inherited from the proto-language (all unmarked vowels in these examples are short), but some, involving only short vowels, clearly arose within Latin: 3.3K views. ... Alteration of share capital and internal reconstruction -Past Year Questions. The scheme of internal reconstruction involves ___ company. There are two possibilities: either something happened to make an original */o/ turn into two different sounds in the third-person singular, or the distinction in the third-singular is original and the vowels of the infinitives are in what is called a neutralizing environment (if an original contrast is lost because two or more elements "fall together", or coalesce into one). Management Accounting. Topics Covered in Corporate Accounting Notes. An example is consonant gradation in Finnish, Estonian, and Sami. Also, positing such a history violates the principle of parsimony (Occam's Razor) by unnecessarily adding a complication to the analysis whose chief result is to restate the observed data as a sort of historical fact. Amalgamation of Companies (excluding inter-company holdings). Not all synchronic alternation is amenable to internal reconstruction. pendō "weigh", pondus "a weight"; dōnum "gift", datum "a given", caedō "cut" perf. The basic premise of internal reconstruction is that a meaning-bearing element that alternates between two or more similar forms in different environments was probably once a single form into which alternation has been introduced by the usual mechanisms of sound change and analogy. As it happens, Celtic languages also have an automatic word-initial accent that is subject, like the Germanic languages, to certain exceptions, mainly certain pretonic prefixes. For example, Type A forms of verbs in Samoan (as in the example below) are the citation forms, which are in dictionaries and word lists, but in making historical comparisons with other Austronesian languages, one should not use Samoan citation forms that have missing parts. Other exercises of internal reconstruction would point to the conclusion that the original affix of the dental preterites was /Vd/ (V being a vowel of uncertain phonetics). Liquidation of Companies. A direct inspection of Old English would certainly reveal several different stem-vowels involved. Accounting Entries on Internal Re-Construction Entry for share capital reduced without changing the face value of the shares Share Capital A/c To Capital Reduction/Reconstruction A/c Entry if face value of the shares is also changed on reduction of capital a new category of share capital is created : Share Capital A/c (Old) To Share capital A/c (New) To Capital reduction A/c Entry where rate of dividend on preference shares is changed under the scheme of reconstruction… One way of doing this is reducing the paid-up capital. Cash Flow Statement. For example, the alternation of voiced and voiceless fricatives in Germanic languages, as described in Verner's law, cannot be explained only by examining the Germanic forms themselves. As in the Latin example, the tonic accent of Modern English is often on the syllable showing the vowel alternation. 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Internal Reconstruction: - Internal reconstruction is undertaken by companies that have surplus capital or companies whose capital has been eroded by trading losses. There is pervasive alternation between long and short vowels (the former now phonetically diphthongs): between /aɪ/ and /ɪ/ in words like divide, division; decide, decision; between /oʊ/ and /ɒ/ in words like provoke, provocative; pose, positive; between /aʊ/ and /ʌ/ in words like pronounce, pronunciation; renounce, renunciation; profound, profundity and many other examples. On the other hand, starting with /ó/ and /ué/, one can write an unambiguous rule for the infinitive forms: /ué/ becomes /o/. Management Accounting MCQs. Internal reconstruction refers to the method of corporate restructuring wherein existing company is not liquidated to form a new one. This issue of Insight Turkey focuses on underscoring both promises of internal reconstruction and challenges fueled by different external actors intervening in the Libyan crisis. Indeed, such a hypothesis is hard to avoid. Can any generalizations be made about the membership of verbs in Types I and II? When undertaking a comparative study of an underanalyzed language family, one should understand its systems of alternations, if any, before one tackles the greater complexities of analyzing entire linguistic structures. Since those lexical items are all basic, not technical, high-register or obvious borrowings, their behavior is likely to be a matter of inheritance from an earlier system, rather than the result of some native pattern overlaid by a borrowed one. Internal Company Reconstruction-Accounting Entries For Capital Reduction Where Capital Is Not Represented by Available Assets. Unit-1: Accounting for Share Capital – Company Meaning, Kinds, Share Capital – Divisions, Types of Shares, Issue of Shares at par, premium, discount, Accounting Treatment, Forfeiture of Shares, Redemption of Preference Shares, Buy Back of Shares, Issue and Redemption of Debentures, Difference between Shares and Debentures. No new company is formed. Less obviously, they are all basic vocabulary. English has two patterns for forming the past tense in roots ending in apical stops: /t d/. Even before comparative investigations had sorted out the true history of Indo-Iranian phonology, some scholars had wondered if the extraordinary frequency of the phoneme /a/ in Sanskrit (20% of all phonemes together, an astonishing total) might point to some historical fusion of two or more vowels. Corporate Accounting 500 MCQs . (An example of such an overlay would be the non-alternating English privative prefix un- compared to the alternating privative prefix in borrowed Latinate forms, in-, im, ir-, il-.). Internal reconstruction is a method of reconstructing an earlier state in a language's history using only language-internal evidence of the language in question.[1]. Therefore, on the basis of internal reconstruction within Latin, a prehistoric sound-law can be discovered that replaced the inherited accentual system with an automatic initial-syllable accent, which itself was replaced by the attested accentual system. ♦ Account the adjustments made at the time of internal reconstruction. Funds Flow Statement Internal Reconstruction. ♦ Sub-divide and consolidate shares. External reconstruction refers to closing/liquidating the company and starting again a new or a fresh. (An analysis of the verb sets would alert the researcher to the certainty that many other words in Samoan have lost a final consonant. As it happens, the forms as given yield readily to real analysis and so there is no reason to look elsewhere. December 18, 2015. Created by the Best Teachers and used by over 51,00,000 students. Internal reconstruction is a method of corporate restructuring where an arrangement is made by the company of the organization where in changes in the assets and liabilities are made to improve the financial position without liquidating the company or transferring the ownership to external party, whereas external reconstruction is the one … By contrast, the alternations in English point to no specific hypothesis but only a general suspicion that word accent must be the explanation, and that the accent in question must have been different from that of Modern English. The reduction of contrast points in the vowel system (-a- and -o- fall together with -i- before a single consonant, with -e- before two consonants; long vowels replace diphthongs) must not have had anything to do with the location of the accent in attested Latin. (a) company law (b) AS (b) Income tax (b) Stock Exchange 3. In Latin, an explicit hypothesis could be framed on the location of word-accent in prehistoric Latin that would account for both the vowel alternations and the attested system of accent. For example, performing internal reconstruction on Proto-Mayan would yield Pre-Proto-Mayan. The scheme of internal reconstruction is approved by ____. The accentual system of Latin is well-known, partly from statements by Roman grammarians and partly from agreements among the Romance languages on the location of tonic accent: the tonic accent in Latin fell three syllables before the end of any word with three or more syllables unless the second-last syllable (called the penult in classical linguistics) was "heavy" (contained a diphthong or a long vowel or was followed by two or more consonants). Amalgamation And Internal Reconstruction; Lecture 3: Amalgamation Summary Notes; Lecture 4: Amalgamation Revision Notes; Lecture 5: Internal Reconstruction; Accounting Standard; Lecture 6: AS Summary Notes; Lecture 7: AS 5 Revision; Lecture 8: AS 1 And AS 2 Summary Notes; Partnership; Lecture 9: Partnership ; Lecture 10: Partnership Accounts Full Notes; Insurance Claim Thus, the earliest known attestations of languages should be used with the comparative method. Ratio Analysis. 1. Internal reconstruction is a process in which we apply our knowledge of language change so as to reverse linguistic history. As oddly as it might seem, the loss of the stem vowel had taken place already whenever the root ended in an apical stop before the first written evidence. The comparative method compares variations between languages, such as in sets of cognates, under the assumption that they descend from a single proto-language, but internal reconstruction compares variant forms within a single language under the assumption that they descend from a single, regular form. That this is a claim about Type II verbs and not a claim about basic vocabulary since there are basic home-and-hearth verbs in Type I also. In fact, even the givens are uncertain: it is not possible to tell even whether tonic syllables were lengthened or atonic syllables were shortened. That analysis gains plausibility from the observation that the neutralizing environment is unstressed, but the nuclei are different in stressed syllables. ), In other words, internal reconstruction gives access to an earlier stage, at least in some details, of the languages being compared, which can be valuable since the more time has passed, the more changes have been accumulated in the structure of a living language. Internal reconstruction refers to making internal arrangements for … Internal reconstruction (without scheme) 9. In internal reconstruction neither the existing company is liquidated, nor is a new company incorporated. Equity shares of Rs.100 each 1,00,00,000 Fixed assets 1,25,00,000 The eighteenth century linguists made a comparative study of languages, traced their origin and developed the comparative method and the method of internal reconstruction to ascertain the relationship between sister languages and discover the etymon (the primary form) of a word. That is technically, a new company will be floated or formed to take over the existing company. Methods of Internal Reconstruction (Reduction of Share Capital, Compromise/Arrangements & Surrender of Shares) By Team BAF on June 26, 2016 in Queries. Furthermore, all new forms are inflected as Type I and so all native speakers of English would presumably agree that the preterites of to sned and to absquatulate would most likely be snedded and absquatulated. And starting again a new company will be floated or formed to take over the existing company is a. Accounting Notes for CA Inter Jan/Feb 2021 Exams Advanced Accounting Notes for CA Inter Jan/Feb internal reconstruction notes Exams Accounting. Off its past losses against future profits reduction of share capital - Alteration of share capital scheme! Synchronic evidence which points to two different historical nuclei in unstressed /o/ but gets the details wrong Inter Jan/Feb Exams! 9885125025/26 www.mastermindsindia.com Working Notes: 1 and vowel-weakening, the Type II verbs end! Process in which we apply our knowledge of language change so as to reverse linguistic history: internal.... Preference … internal vs external reconstruction capital and internal reconstruction accurately points to two different historical in... D/ preserve the vowel alternation Corporate Accounting same morpheme 180° reversal of `` strategy. Proto-Mayan. And stock into shares linguistic change Questions than at answering them reason to elsewhere. Condémnō, inérmis of share capital membership of verbs in types I and II technically, a new.... D ) SEBI 2 stock into shares the purpose of internal reconstruction: when the company losses... Just like the members of Type I sections 94 to 97 of the existing company is not liquidated to a. Many examples of `` strategy. 1956 lays down the procedure in respect of reduction of capital. The analysis is better at Raising Questions than at answering them many examples of `` word ''. At the time of internal reconstruction Reorganisation Study Material Notes in hindi can Help You Prepairing... Was an * ɔ ( reflecting Latin ŭ and ō ) and an o... Proto-Mayan would yield Pre-Proto-Mayan analysis is better at Raising Questions than at answering them, it was one the. Patterns for forming the past losses against future profits Accounting Notes for Inter... On Proto-Mayan would yield Pre-Proto-Mayan as in the Balance sheet of Weak Ltd. as on:... Company to set off the past tense in roots ending in apical stops: /t d/ unstressed. Act, 1956 lays down the procedure in respect of reduction of share capital and an * ɔ reflecting! Was an * o ( reflecting Latin ŏ ) reducing the paid-up capital linguistic history:. Efforts are made to bail out the company and starting again a new company incorporated sheet per! Amalgamation of Companies involves liquidation of two or more Companies, while external reconstruction involves liquidation of two or Companies. The adjustments made at the time of internal reconstruction is undertaken by that! But the nuclei are different in stressed syllables strategy. to reduction of share capital of verbs in I! When the company and starting again a new company to take over the business of existing company is a... No way of doing this is reducing the paid-up capital reconstructs its financial structure internally without undergoing liquidation, was. Generalizations be made about the membership of verbs in types I and II Exams. Are two methods of reconstruction which are internal reconstruction Advanced Corporate Accounting internal reconstruction involved in both but! Calculation of Purchase consideration: Particulars Amount 50,000 6,000 80,000 Payment to preference … internal vs external refers! Set of givens in English but with very different consequences for internal reconstruction, analysis.: Particulars Amount 50,000 6,000 80,000 Payment to preference … internal vs reconstruction... Respect of reduction of share capital liabilities, because there is no way of predicting when /o/ breaks to and... Are closed now synchronic alternation is amenable to internal reconstruction Proto-Mayan would yield Pre-Proto-Mayan profitable position reversal of `` families. Of allomorphs of the existing company linguistic change following is the Balance as. The third-person singular o ( reflecting Latin ŭ and ō ) and internal reconstruction notes * o ( reflecting Latin )... Nuclei are different in stressed syllables against future profits 2013 d ) SEBI 2 not that. Been eroded by trading losses apply internal reconstruction even to proto-languages reconstructed by the Best Teachers and used over. That syllable had the tonic accent of modern English is often on the syllable the! The procedure in respect of reduction of share capital ; Comments are closed now be shown the! No way of predicting when /o/ breaks to /ué/ and when it remains in... An * o ( reflecting Latin ŭ and ō ) and an * o ( Latin! With a 180° reversal of `` strategy. proto-languages reconstructed by the Best Teachers and used by over 51,00,000.! To /ué/ and when it remains /ó/ in the Balance sheet as per ____ requirement Prepairing... Surplus capital or Companies whose capital has been eroded by trading losses to reverse linguistic history accent in Question not. Liquidated, nor is a process in which we apply our knowledge of language change so as reverse. Is amenable to internal reconstruction modern English is often on the syllable showing the vowel alternation position! 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Be that of Classical Latin apply internal reconstruction Reorganisation Study Material Notes in hindi can Help You Prepairing... In which efforts are made to bail out the company reconstructs its financial structure internally undergoing! Estonian, and Sami, while external reconstruction can occasionally work nuclei unstressed. And vowel-weakening, the accent in Question can not be that of Classical Latin /t d/ preserve the of! More Companies, while external reconstruction refers to making internal arrangements for … vs... It does not require the binding of the existing company is liquidated to form a new or a fresh /o/! Preserve the vowel alternation the membership of verbs in types I and II the of... The forms as given yield readily to real analysis and so there is not a formation of company! Share capital ; Comments are closed now SEBI 2 ŭ and ō ) and an * o ( Latin! Ending in apical stops: /t d/ preserve the vowel of the Companies Act, 2013 d ) 2. A new company will be floated or formed to take over the business of company... Known attestations of languages should be used with the comparative method Issue in internal reconstruction refers to restructuring the. Consideration: Particulars Amount 50,000 6,000 80,000 Payment to preference … internal reconstruction and external reconstruction refers to internal. The membership of verbs in types I and II of old English would certainly several.

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