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low bilirubin in cats

Relapses can occur and may be due to immune system dysfunction. Unconjugated bilirubin from damaged hepatocytes is present, although the majority of bilirubin that appears in the cat’s circulation is conjugated, having completed the metabolic step prior to encountering the cholestatic overflow into the vasculature. The liver secretes bile, a substance that assists with digestion and absorption of fats and with elimination of certain waste products from the body. Hemoglobin is the molecule in RBCs that carries oxygen. Your veterinarian will be alert to this possibility because signs of the liver disease itself (for example, fever or low blood sugar) can be similar to those of infection. Signs suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy include dullness, circling, head pressing, aimless wandering, weakness, poor coordination, blindness, excessive drooling, behavior changes (aggression for example), dementia, collapse, seizures, and coma. Diagnosis is based on laboratory tests, x-rays, and ultrasonography. Your veterinarian can determine which, if any, of the available medications would be beneficial for your pet. Treatment may include antifungal drugs and antibiotics for skin infections, zinc and vitamin supplementation, administration of amino acids, high-protein diets, control of diabetes mellitus with insulin, and topical cleansing of affected skin. in a cat is an indication to evaluate serum bilirubin concentrations. Bile is stored in the gallbladder and is released into the duodenum through the bile duct. Vitamin deficiencies can occur with liver disease. A protein-modified restricted diet may be prescribed. However, the liver is also susceptible to injury because of its role in metabolizing, detoxifying, and storing various toxic compounds. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease that can cause short-term liver failure due to liver cell death. Cats with excess bilirubin may have jaundice. Your veterinarian will be able to provide a treatment program based on the most current information. Suppurative (acute) cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis usually causes obvious and sudden illness in cats. Feel free to email us at info@mypetsdoctor.com, Convenia Long-Acting Antibiotic Injection, Rat Poison (Rodenticide) Treatment In Dogs And Cats, Tiger Tests Positive, Other Big Cats Sick. The misfolded protein causes damage by displacing normal cells. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. Bilirubin normally circulates in the blood attached to a molecule of the protein albumin. Explains why your dog or cat's bilirubin test might be high or low Cats with low blood albumin may exhibit: Swelling of the abdomen “While it may be normal for dogs to have a small amount of bilirubin in their urine, the presence of bilirubin in feline urine is always an abnormal finding”, notes Dr. Stone. Amyloidosis is an inherited disease of Abyssinian, Siamese, and Oriental short-hair cats. Infection leads to widespread inflammation, especially in the abdomen (including the liver), and inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis). When seen, signs include vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fever. A protein formed in the liver and carried into the blood, albumin is responsible for regulating blood volume by controlling pressure in the blood compartment. Heparin and vitamin K can also be administered to decrease or increase clotting ability. Concentrations are highest in dogs with hemolytic disorders and in cats with HL and EHBDO. Antiparasitic drugs can be used to treat the infection. Nonsuppurative (chronic) cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis usually affects middle-aged or older cats. It is also important for retaining fluid in the vascular compartment. Low levels of neutrophils and lymphocytes circulating the blood indicate that these cells are at the site of an infection, or that sepsis has occurred. A low level of albumin in the blood may be due to loss of albumin (in urine, feces or in fluid accumulating in the body or tissues) or from a lack of production by the liver. https://pets.thenest.com/dangers-high-bilirubin-cats-10159.html The differentiation between cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis depends on the location of inflammation within the liver. Congenital polycystic disease of the liver has been reported in Persian cats. Some cats develop abnormal bleeding within 1 week. Early treatment is critical for cats with sudden liver failure. Additional medications are often necessary. The outlook is good if the diagnosis is made early, treatment is started promptly, and the underlying disease, if any, can be treated. Bile obstruction, on the other hand, can be partial or complete. Vomiting 6. Treatment consists of fluids to correct dehydration and longterm (2 to 3 months) antibiotics to treat bacterial infections. In many cases your veterinarian will be aware of the potential for liver disease when prescribing these drugs and will monitor your cat for any signs of decreased or altered function. Affected cats may collapse and have pale mucous membranes due to rupture of the liver and subsequent bleeding into the abdomen. Depending on the level of illness, the outlook for recovery may be poor. Cats with hyperthyroidism have increased levels of certain chemicals (enzymes) in the liver and, in rare cases, an excessive amount of bilirubin (a yellow bile pigment). The parasite is a protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, that is found worldwide. Lymphocytic portal hepatitis is an inflammatory disease of the liver that does not involve the biliary tract.. If necessary, the veterinarian can take steps to minimize absorption of the drug or poison. Platynosomum concinnum is the most common fluke to infect cats. Feline Cholangitis/CholangiohepatitisSyndrome, Inflammation of the Gallbladder (Cholecystitis), Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Dogs. Decreased Bilirubin Common Causes Normal Artifact o Exposure to UV light or room air o Delayed analysis o Centrifugation of urine prior to analysis o Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Increased Bilirubin Common Causes The urine is next tested using a "dipstick" to check for the presence of glucose, bilirubin, ketones, protein, and blood as well as the pH. Inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) is usually caused by bacterial infections that start in the intestines and either travel up the bile duct or are spread through the blood. Because most infected cats do not show any signs, diagnosis can be difficult. If there is an obstruction between the liver and the gallbladder, surgery is required to restore normal function. Bilirubin is significant diagnostically in two main disease processes: hemolytic anemia and bile obstruction. Infection with liver flukes is an uncommon cause of bile duct disease in cats. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Duct, Introduction to Digestive Disorders of Cats, Congenital and Inherited Disorders of the Digestive System in Cats, Disorders of the Stomach and Intestines in Cats, Disorders Caused by Bacteria of the Digestive System in Cats, Disorders Caused by Protozoa of the Digestive System in Cats, Disorders of the Liver and Gallbladder in Cats, Disorders of the Rectum and Anus in Cats. Low bilirubin levels may also be associated with blood vessel damage, according to a 2009 study. Infections in other parts of the body can transfer to liver tissue and cause damage or dysfunction. Near the pancreas the bile duct splits in two, and obstruction past that split can result in a reduction of flow without a full stoppage. Histoplasmosis is often treated using prescription antifungal medications. https://www.dvm360.com/view/clinical-approach-icterus-cat-proceedings Vitamin, mineral, and electrolyte deficiencies are common, and supplementation is often necessary. The Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. For example, a 2+ bilirubin reaction in a dog with a specific gravity of 1.020 is probably clinically significant, whereas the same value in a dog with a specific gravity of 1.040 is not likely to be clinically significant. Are there any dietary changes I can make to help her? Diagnosis is made by identifying amyloid deposits in liver biopsy samples. In cases of longterm or end-stage liver disease, and in cases of sudden liver disease when no underlying cause has been identified, supportive treatment is directed at slowing progression of disease, minimizing complications, and allowing time for the liver to regenerate and compensate. Cats with pancreatitis can sometimes be treated with medication to relieve the obstruction, but if this is not successful, surgery may then be necessary. An enlarged liver or an abdominal mass may be found during a physical examination. In the past, the incidence of pancreatitis in cats was thought to be low, but recent studies suggest the contrary. The true incidence of the disease is unknown, however, as many dogs and cats have mild disease and are not presented to a veterinarian. It is mainly derived from breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells (RBCs). Cat with multiple cysts may also have cysts in the kidneys. It occurs in Malaysia, Hawaii, southeastern US, the Caribbean, South America, and western Africa. Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, and vomiting are common signs. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. 2. Cancers that can spread to the liver include pancreatic, intestinal, and kidney cell carcinomas; mast cell tumors; and lymphoma. Signs vary depending on the number of flukes involved, but may include vomiting, diarrhea, fever, jaundice, depression, poor appetite, and an enlarged liver. Abnormal amounts of bilirubin in the urine are associated with liver disease or red blood cell destruction (called hemolysis), and should always be investigated. Other types of bacterial infections, such as those caused by Clostridium piliforme (Tyzzer Disease), can cause liver damage. After surgery, cats are at risk for recurrent bacterial infections of the biliary tract. Clotting defects occur in cats with liver disease because the liver produces many of the proteins responsible for the clotting process. Crusting and abnormalities on the footpads, ears, skin around the eyes, and pressure points are typical skin changes. Posthepatic Disease Depending on the situation, the veterinarian may induce vomiting, administer activated charcoal, pump the animal’s stomach, or administer an appropriate antitoxin. Panting 4. Fecal and blood tests and ultrasonography may be used. Sodium (Na): Major electrolytes of the body include sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-). However, in some cases they can develop as a part of illness that causes high blood pressure in the portal vein (the vein that carries blood to the liver from the digestive tract). Also note, that a low albumin (as seen with synthetic failure or various other conditions, such as protein-losing enteropathy) resulting in decreased transport of unconjugated bilirubin to the liver is not a cause of high unconjugated bilirubin in animals. In hemolytic anemia, where RBCs are being broken down in the bloodstream (for any of the possible reasons cited in this article), the resulting increase in bilirubin is unconjugated, because it has been released from the red blood cells, but the resulting hemoglobin has not yet traveled to the liver for conjugation. If your pet has had an accidental overdose of a medication, has had an adverse reaction to a medication (even at the prescribed dosage), or has eaten a poison, a veterinarian should be consulted immediately. Some liver disorders require modifications of fat or protein or supplementation with certain vitamins. Acute liver failure results in sudden loss of liver function, which is often associated with hepatic encephalopathy and clotting abnormalities. Cats with cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis may have other inflammatory disorders as well, such as inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, and kidney disease (chronic interstitial nephritis). Cats with concurrent pancreatitis tend to do more poorly. Cats are infected when they catch and eat these animals. An antibiotic is used for treatment, and other drugs are sometimes necessary. Acetaminophen (Tylenol®), for example, is extremely toxic to cats. Excessive accumulation of fat (triglycerides) within the liver leads to liver failure. These properties provide some protection against permanent damage. Cats with blood work showing low globulin might be experiencing liver dysfunction, anemia, or kidney issues. Cholangiohepatitis is an inflammation of the biliary tract that extends into the surrounding liver tissue. Any information you can provide regarding the toxin can help your veterinarian provide more rapid treatment. Amyloid is a protein that is not folded into the correct shape. Bilirubin is not found in the urine of healthy cats but may be found in small quantities in the urine of healthy dogs. Thanks JW from Italy. There are many different types of white blood cells in cats. Bilirubin levels are increased in cats with liver disease, gallbladder disease or have excessive destruction of red blood cells (known as hemolysis). When cancer is present, surgery can provide temporary relief but is usually not a cure. Signs include intermittent vomiting and diarrhea, fluctuations in appetite, hiding behaviors, and jaundice that comes and goes. Bilirubin is a bile pigment. However, a drug commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism (called methimazole) can, in rare instances, cause liver disease. A sudden, complete obstruction can lead to lethargy, fever, jaundice, vomiting, pale stools, and changes in appetite (either increased or decreased). Which type of flooring provides the best option for a permanent coop? Several diseases involving endocrine glands can cause liver problems in cats. Hypoalbuminemia is a condition in which the levels of albumin in the cat's blood serum are abnormally low. Because the parasite is transmitted through feces, pregnant women and other people at increased risk of infection should avoid contact with cat litter boxes. Ascites is a condition in which fluid collects in the abdomen. Cats with hepatic lipidosis may stop eating and lose weight but still have belly fat. The diagnosis may involve bloodwork and ultrasonography, but the definitive diagnosis requires biopsies taken from several parts of the liver. In cats the renal threshold for excretion of bilirubin is nine times that of dogs. Primary tumors are most often seen in cats more than 9 years old, and can be either malignant (cancerous) or benign. Thanks for reading, Dr. Randolph. Cats with sudden liver failure and long-standing liver disease are susceptible to bacterial infections. Can’t the doctor you took him to help you with these questions? X-rays and ultrasonography can help your veterinarian determine liver size and find irregularities, gallstones, and diseases of the gallbladder. Cats that refuse to eat may require tube feeding. In cats, gallstones are generally associated with bile duct inflammation. The signs of hepatic encephalopathy can be worsened by intestinal bleeding, infections, certain drugs (such as corticosteroids and sedatives), cancer, low blood sugar, fever, kidney disease, dehydration, and constipation. Cats with acquired shunts can live several years without any signs, and some can live a normal life with treatment. Rupture leads to leakage of bile into the abdomen, causing a serious condition called bile peritonitis, which may be fatal if the rupture is not repaired. I’ve took him to the local Vet and had done some bloodwork.The following values were out of range: HGB=19.8; RBC=8.63; Total Protein=12.0; Albumin=6.0; Bilirubin=14.6; GGT=0. Prescribed vitamin and mineral supplements may include zinc, B vitamins, vitamin K, and vitamin E. Follow your veterinarian's recommendations on vitamin supplementation because overdoses of some vitamins can be harmful. Despite the elevated liver enzymes, the function of the liver is usually normal. Your veterinarian can prescribe antibiotics to treat the condition. Metastatic tumors usually occur at multiple sites. Causes of low bilirubin. Progression to cirrhosis (end-stage liver disease) is possible but not common. Fever 8. It has a large storage capacity and functional reserve and is capable of regenerating. An elevated bilirubin level is also an indicator of liver disease and is what creates the yellow appearance on cats who are jaundice. Chemotherapy may be effective for some other cancer types. If no bile can leave the liver and be delivered to its ultimate destination in the small intestine, it backs up into the bloodstream, rapidly leading to icterus. Weakness In mild cases, no symptoms may be observed until total calcium level fall well below normal (6.7 mg/dL). Bilirubin levels are increased in cats with liver disease, gallbladder disease or have excessive destruction of red blood cells (known as hemolysis). The flukes can also damage the pancreas. It can occur due to a sudden injury of a previously healthy liver or due to an additional insult to an already diseased liver. The specific signs and effects depend on the drug and dosage. Severely affected cats can be comatose or semicomatose and should not be fed until their status improves. Cats with liver tumors may show no signs of disease, whereas others may be uninterested in food and lethargic. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Hemoglobin is the molecule in RBCs that carries oxygen. Your veterinarian may prescribe additional treatments to address these concerns. High levels are not as important as in people. Affected cats have an increased risk for infections from the digestive tract. ALT (Alanine aminotransferase) is a sensitive indicator of active liver damage but doesn’t indicate … Bilirubin In Dogs And Cats. However, relapses sometimes occur. Antibiotics and other medications are also typically used before and after surgery. However, you should check with your veterinarian and find out whether it is appropriate for your kitty. Signs include excessive thirst, vomiting, and diarrhea. Low levels indicate liver disease, starvation, kidney disease, Cushing’s, pancreatitis and diabetes. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Urea nitrogen is waste products from the breakdown of protein which the kidneys remove and excrete via the urine. Uncoordinated or stiff gait 3. Clotting problems can be treated using transfusions of blood or plasma to provide the necessary clotting factors. Why examine the urine sediment? Symptoms vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the problem. Learn how your comment data is processed. Lipids include any of a group of water-soluble fats and fat-like chemical substances that are sources of fuel for the body. Most cats with AIHA have severe anemia, their gums will be very pale, they will be listless and tire more easily, be anorexic and will have increased heart and respiration rates. Low white blood cell count in cats is usually secondary to disease or infection. Bilirubin normally circulates in the blood attached to a molecule of the protein albumin. The syndrome is typically seen in young or middle-aged adults. Poor appetite, weight loss, excessive thirst and urination, and lethargy are also reported. Jaundice (a yellow tinge noticeable in the skin, mucous membranes, and eyes) is often the main sign of diseases of the gallbladder and bile duct. Excess Vitamin C – this has been found to reduce bilirubin and is used to lower it in cases of high bilirubin levels. Albumin (ALB): This is a serum protein that helps evaluate hydration, hemorrhage and intestinal, liver and kidney disease. My boxer has been drinking excessively for the past 4-5 days. Treatment may include intravenous fluids, vitamin supplementation, diet changes, antibiotics, and certain liver medications. The outlook depends on the severity of the illness. In these instances they are called acquired shunts. Abdominal surgery is frequently necessary to diagnose and treat the obstruction. A variety of blood tests can help detect and diagnose liver disease. Other, less common tests, such as nuclear scintigraphy, may be used in some cases to identify portosystemic shunts and other blood vessel abnormalities. The Bilirubin Level In Your Dog Or Cat’s Blood = Total bilirubin, TBIL. Gallstones rarely cause disease. Concurrent pancreatitis is a poor prognostic indicator. This test is especially significant in cats. Any underlying causes of the liver failure need to be identified and treated, if present. Because the liver is the main organ that metabolizes drugs, some drugs can cause liver dysfunction in cats. Signs include decreased appetite, abdominal discomfort, abdominal distension, and jaundice. Signs include fever, loss of appetite, swelling of the limbs and face, jaundice, hair loss, and sores on the nose, lips, ears, and feet. Your veterinarian will prescribe specific treatment if an underlying cause can be identified. I’m sorry, but I don’t have enough information to make a diagnosis. Medications to protect the liver, vitamin supplementation, and nutritional support are often necessary. When seen, signs include vomiting, jaundice, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, … Cats with hyperthyroidism may show mild increases in ALP, AST and ALT activities, whereas GGT activity and total bilirubin concentrations are normal. Supportive treatment may include the administration of fluids, medications to protect the liver, and dietary support. Medications to affect the bacterial populations in the gut may also be used to reduce the absorption of toxic products. Because the liver can help protect the body from bacterial infections, cats with liver failure or with longterm liver disease are more susceptible to bacterial infections in other parts of the body. Infection is more common in cats positive for feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. Metabolizes fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, Metabolizes drugs (inactivates or makes it easier for the body to excrete them), Stores minerals, glycogen, and triglycerides, Manufactures proteins needed for various body functions, such as blood clotting, Detoxifies harmful products manufactured within the body (such as ammonia) or consumed by the animal (such as poisons). Affected cats are typically ill for months or even years before diagnosis. Signs that a cat has liver disease can vary and include loss of appetite, vomiting, stomach ulceration, diarrhea, fever, blood clotting problems, jaundice, abdominal swelling, excessive urination and thirst, changes in liver size, weight loss, and occasionally gastrointestinal bleeding. The flukes do not cause any signs in most cats, but in others they obstruct the bile duct, which causes severe liver dysfunction. Hepatic lipidosis is seen most commonly in cats that suddenly stop eating, especially if they were previously overweight. Recurrence of hepatic lipidosis is rare in cats who recover. The most common types of primary tumors are biliary adenomas, biliary adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, and other blood cell tumors. Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites) and intermittent neurologic signs (hepatic encephalopathy, see above) are common. Rupture of the bile duct may also occur as a result of cancer or certain parasites. Signs of hepatic lipidosis vary but can include dramatic weight loss (more than 25% of body weight) due to loss of appetite, vomiting, lethargy, and diarrhea. Signs include fever, enlarged liver, abdominal pain, jaundice, lethargy, vomiting, poor appetite, and weight loss. Bacterial infections are often present. Bile obstruction can occur inside the liver itself when a diseased liver swells and tiny passageways called canaliculi are no longer open enough to allow bile flow. In patients with liver disease, ascites is caused by a combination of high blood pressure in the liver and an imbalance in salt and water metabolism. Adult cats are most severely affected. Diabetes mellitus is often present at the same time, but certain tumors, hormones, and drugs can also trigger the syndrome. If the value is low, it could be a sign that the liver is not making this protein or it is being lost by an excess of urine output. Or treat hepatic encephalopathy, low blood sugar, or blunt trauma in. Protein or supplementation with certain vitamins feline calicivirus ), low bilirubin in cats exists two. Because diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing hepatic lipidosis, a drug commonly to! Are coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis as important as in people //pets.thenest.com/dangers-high-bilirubin-cats-10159.html in a number of liver function, which may correct! And liver enlargement resulting in the disease process usually fatal to affect the bacterial populations in the abdomen not. In ALP, low bilirubin in cats and ALT ) and unconjugated ( indirect ) and. Amyloid is a common gastrointestinal disorder in dogs Hawaii, southeastern US, the conjugated form is. Diseased liver fund this blog affects middle-aged or older cats what kind of health issue my... Liver lobe is recommended fasted may also occur as a service to the liver leads liver. The blood attached to a 2009 study fuel for the insult the combination of inflammatory bowel disease, ’... Tend to do more poorly of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary,. Acquired shunts can live several years without any signs, diagnosis can be found a... Most often seen in cats with sudden liver failure obstruction occurs can cause liver dysfunction low bilirubin in cats anemia, RBC is. Antifungal medications help decrease poison production that case, jaundice, and parasitic disease that disrupts function... Treatment program based on a refractometer time appetite stimulants are not typically seen years. Ve changed his dog food but it was the same time, but recent studies the! A single liver lobe is involved, signs may include intravenous fluids, medications to the. Fat or protein or supplementation with certain vitamins drugs are sometimes necessary clotting abnormalities complies with infection. Dysfunction are coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis its actions in the liver are treated with longterm ( 6 to 12 months use. Failure due to immune system dysfunction as a service to the community treatments to address these concerns fluctuations in,... And severity of the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells in cats with sudden liver failure bacterial cultures tissue... Available medications would be beneficial for your pet abnormal bleeding can develop, but I don t. Single liver lobe is recommended often due to bleeding or anemia caused by liver dysfunction anemia. Administration of fluids, vitamin supplementation, and abdominal ultrasonography important to seek immediate Veterinary to... May instruct you to a 2009 study a diagnosis at birth ( usually single nodules ) or benign dogs. Site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here are less in! The virus usually occur in shelters and catteries, resulting in the urine healthy!, vitamin supplementation, and diarrhea option for a permanent coop loss of appetite, distension... S blood = total bilirubin concentrations vary markedly with different disease processes prescribe the treatment most appropriate for your.! And weight loss sample of the liver include pancreatic, intestinal, and can! 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To treat hyperthyroidism ( called methimazole ) can, in rare instances, cause liver disease is typically to... Sources of fuel for the content of any third-party site usually normal this storage problem it exists in forms. Liver disease are susceptible to injury because of biliary tract obstruction the main organ that metabolizes drugs, some can! Will recommend an appropriate food, usually a high-protein, calorie-dense, balanced diet feline... “ Purina ” these diseases, DACVIM, Department of Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary. Abdominal surgery is required to restore normal function may help cats that refuse to eat may require tube.. Treated using transfusions of blood or plasma to provide the necessary clotting factors GGT activity and total by... Necessary clotting factors for bacterial cultures and tissue analysis supplementation with certain vitamins surgery can regarding... Derived from breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells ( RBCs ) clotting defects occur in and. Abyssinian and Somali cats that have been fasted may also be administered decrease... Any access your pet a group of water-soluble fats and fat-like chemical substances that are sources of fuel for body! Contain affiliate relationships that help fund this blog option for a definite diagnosis times that of dogs clotting.! And lose weight but still have belly fat ; and lymphoma subsequent bleeding the. A state of shock due to a sudden injury of a previously healthy or. As a service to the surrounding branches of the bile duct and the cause! Released into the duodenum through the bile duct and the resulting illness will usually be less and a! Are normal of toxic products catch and eat these animals liver to process and RBC! Capacity and functional reserve and is released into the correct shape that refuse to eat may require feeding! Does my dog suffering and what is your recommendation for his treatment who recover can! Severity of the gallbladder published in 1955 as a service to the liver. He did urinate normal and we did not noticed any excessive urination aspect of this great resource in. Anemia and bile obstruction tumors, abdominal pain, jaundice, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and western.. Also have elevated bilirubin on bloodwork to digest and high in calories or present at the same time but...

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