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on the harmful effects of tobacco pdf

Physical health . You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. [234] Neurologically, rodent studies have found that nicotine self-administration causes lowering of reward thresholds—a finding opposite that of most other drugs of abuse (e.g. The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. Of those who attempt cessation and last three months without succumbing to nicotine, most are able to remain smoke-free for the rest of their lives. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal. First-time users of these products often become nauseated and dizzy. 2012; 77(64): 20034-20037. [10] Tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and it contributes to a number of other health problems of the fetus such as premature birth, low birth weight, and increases by 1.4 to 3 times the chance of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). cocaine and heroin). Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. [171], Current research shows that tobacco smokers who are exposed to residential radon are twice as likely to develop lung cancer as non-smokers. [142], A very large percentage of schizophrenics smoke tobacco as a form of self-medication. Current and ongoing research attempt to explore the addiction-anxiety relationship. [141] The psychological dependence may linger for months or even many years. [76], In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke (e.g., carbon monoxide and cyanide) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [169] There is little or no evidence of a protective effect in fertile women. [citation needed], Gideon Lincecum, an American naturalist and practitioner of botanical medicine, wrote in the early 19th century on tobacco: "This poisonous plant has been used a great deal as a medicine by the old school faculty, and thousands have been slain by it. Another study considered a possible role of nicotine in reducing Parkinson's risk: nicotine stimulates the dopaminergic system of the brain, which is damaged in Parkinson's disease, while other compounds in tobacco smoke inhibit MAO-B, an enzyme which produces oxidative radicals by breaking down dopamine. [164][165][166][167] There is some evidence for decreased rates of endometriosis in infertile smoking women,[168] although other studies have found that smoking increases the risk in infertile women. Generally, the unpleasant symptoms will eventually vanish over time, with repeated use, as the body builds a tolerance to the chemicals in the cigarettes, such as nicotine. [42] This makes it the most common cause of preventable early death. Furthermore, the ratio of high-density lipoprotein (HDL, also known as the "good" cholesterol) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL, also known as the "bad" cholesterol) tends to be lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. [203] The following are some of the most potent carcinogens: Sidestream tobacco smoke, or exhaled mainstream smoke, is particularly harmful. [114] Smoking is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). [100], Smoking has been proven to be an important factor in the staining of teeth. [14], Five case-control studies published in 1950 by researchers from the US and UK did draw widespread attention. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. It is involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and may cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including cancer, respiratory infections and asthma. Smoking so-called "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risk. The National Institutes of Health, through the National Cancer Institute, determined in 1998 that "cigar smoking causes a variety of cancers including cancers of the oral cavity (lip, tongue, mouth, throat), esophagus, larynx, and lung. Adopt tobacco -free rules, including e cigarettes, in your home and vehicle. [232], Although nicotine does play a role in acute episodes of some diseases (including stroke, impotence, and heart disease) by its stimulation of adrenaline release, which raises blood pressure,[90] heart and respiration rate, and free fatty acids, the most serious longer term effects are more the result of the products of the smouldering combustion process. [175] It also leads to slower wound-healing after surgery, and an increased rate of postoperative healing complication. Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%; among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. Saving Lives, Protecting People, 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, National Tobacco Control Programs in Action, Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, Cessation Materials for State Tobacco Control Programs, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). [3] Tobacco also contains nicotine, which is a highly addictive psychoactive drug. "[7] Currently, the number of premature deaths in the U.S. from tobacco use per year outnumber the number of workers employed in the tobacco industry by 4 to 1. These studies were widely ignored. [236][non-primary source needed] The addictive potential manifests itself after co-administration of an MAOI, which specifically causes sensitization of the locomotor response in rats, a measure of addictive potential. [264], The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally,[268]:8 from which 5.4 million are tobacco-attributed,[268]:23 and 4.9 million as of 2007. [33] Overall life expectancy is also reduced in long term smokers, with estimates ranging from 10[28] to 17.9[34] years fewer than nonsmokers. [197][198], Smoke, or any partially burnt organic matter, contains carcinogens (cancer-causing agents). [231][failed verification] There exists a possibility of depression in some who attempt cessation, as with other psychoactive substances. Smoking also increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid arthritis. [citation needed], Perhaps the most serious oral condition that can arise is that of oral cancer. [235] Also, NNK, a nicotine derivative converted from nicotine, can be carcinogenic. [163], Smoking increases the risk of symptoms associated with Crohn's disease (a dose-dependent effect with use of greater than 15 cigarettes per day). Smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day increases the risk of tuberculosis by two to four times,[108][109] and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive disease caused by the pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. [153] People with major depression are also much less likely to quit due to the increased risk of experiencing mild to severe states of depression, including a major depressive episode. [240] According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Some health scientists have suggested that smokeless tobacco should be used in smoking cessation programmes and have made implicit or explicit claims that its use would partly reduce the exposure of smokers to carcinogens and the risk for cancer. Nicotine is the addictive part of [258], Average price of a pack of 20 cigarettes, measured in international dollars in 2014. [46][47][48] At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking. [35] About one half of long term male smokers will die of illness due to smoking. [91] A history of smoking encourages the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Recent evidence has shown that smoking tobacco increases the release of dopamine in the brain, specifically in the mesolimbic pathway, the same neuro-reward circuit activated by drugs of abuse such as heroin and cocaine. [86], Although cigarette smoking causes a greater increase in the risk of cancer than cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health problems, including cancer, when compared to non-smokers. Isaac A. Adler, A.M., M.D", "20 Year Lag Time Between Smoking and Lung Cancer", "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; preliminary report", "Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors", "The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report. Although it has been claimed that people who smoke few cigars have no increased risk, a more accurate statement is that their risks are proportionate to their exposure. [3][6] In the 20th century tobacco is estimated to have caused 100 million deaths. [93] However, the proportion of influenza cases in the general non-smoking population attributable to smokers has not yet been calculated. [224] Only oxidized LDL cholesterol is taken-up by macrophages, which become foam cells, leading to atherosclerotic plaques. There are more than 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke and at least 69 that are harmful to humans and can cause cell damage, cell death and cancer. 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