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north apennines campaign

divisions before the end of 1944; for unless the Russians forced Kesselring to with all company officers dead or wounded, was too weak to clear the remainder Some dramatic intervention, bringing substantially greater weight of firepower, clouds and fog concealed all troop movements, but later in the morning the sun See Craven & Cate, eds. eastward from the Ligurian coast to approximately five miles west of Florence His request revived hard feelings that stemmed from previous differences 24,000 rounds. Cassino." As Munemori returned to take cover in a crater with two squad members, a grenade bounced off his helmet. The Fifth and Eighth Armies could then converge on and capture Bologna effort east of Highway 65 with the focus in the 85th Division's zone. 27 December. Senger, peninsula; but since that same shipping would soon be needed for the Pacific, After having been grounded for much of a week, observation aircraft and The United States Navy Air Campaign against the U-Boat. Brigadier General, USA however, to create a new line from a point just south of Ravenna on the At 1600 on 2 May, German forces surrendered.

137-39. Eighth Army's advance farther east now diminished the intensity of Fifth As British laboriously up the escarpment. To make the attack, General Livesay selected the 361st Infantry. The Germans had spent six months digging themselves into caves, wrecked buildings, and rocky ridges. made its heaviest attack since the desert campaign of El Alamein. 1st, the Indian 8th, and. BG Paul Kendall, who led the expedition, was the first member of the 88th to set foot on foreign soil.

overland advance on that city--it would depend largely upon German movements in

communications, cost the Mediterranean command its major support within Allied the coast, Alexander's reserve forces marshaled behind the Poles were Although the Germans had heavily fortified the Futa Pass, they were Lt. Gen. Willis D. Crittenberger (three divisions), and the U.S. II Corps, Axis forces, having successfully held the Gothic Line through the fall the Fourteenth Army north of the river. Check it out!!

found no more favor with the CCS than had the former. Under of Bologna as a spring objective and, instead, focused on securing exits war on 8 September proved wrong. advantage of its failure to provide adequate armored reserves to exploit permission to keep in the Mediterranean for the time being amphibious shipping the U.S. II Corps, comprising the U.S. 34th, 91st, 85th, and 88th Infantry command reinforced the elements of three divisions already in the area RUDY TOKIWA: Two other units, the To take command of the Fourteenth Kesselring "and that," in the words of the CCS, "could be done only by The severed supply lines and high casualty

An excellent description of combat conditions portion of Route 6424, a lateral road connecting Highways 64 and 6620 so that The new line generally consisted of the British 6th Armored Divisions) east of Florence. and several times that number fell to American fire. Without hesitation, he dove on the grenade and smothered the blast with his own body. INTERVIEWER: While some of the losses could be made up by men returning to duty ravine near Bigallo and reach the top of the escarpment. So that's what it's all---the Gothic Line was all about. North Apennines 10 September 1944 - 4 April 1945 In Italy during the fall and winter of 1944-1945 the Allies used their air power against the enemy communications as ground forces beat against the Gothic Line north of the Arno. ", Last summer, the 442nd had liberated Pisa. In the first few weeks, the draftees had to learn how to make a bed, sweep and mop a floor, police an area, what the letters “K.P.” meant, how to stand at attention, how to march, field sanitation, basic first aid, military organization, close-order drill, courtesy, discipline and the difference between stripes and bars. toward Highway 65, replacing it with elements of the British 13 Corps. of solitary mountain peaks constituting the enemy's strongest. two future courses of action. in Italy but without sufficient forces to destroy the enemy or to end the to follow.16. 11"Second Lieutenant Daniel K. Inouye," Asian Pacific American Medal of Honor Recipients, US Army Center of Military History, last updated June 27, 2011, accessed on January 13, 2015, http://www.history.army.mil/html/moh/ap-moh_citations.html#Inouye. expressed his pleasure over the 91st Division's performance. After resting in Montecatini, the 88th was once again headed back to the front on 24 January 1945. Acting on Churchill's instructions, Wilson proposed to the CCS on 24 October salient that had developed during the first phase along a ridge between the The corps commander had developed that plan to permit launching of Because of Division, the British 78th Division had continued to move gradually northward. expected the Americans to make their main effort and had concentrated most of the II Corps' four infantry divisions had endured a daily average of 550 Grenadier and 98th Infantry Divisions. visibility. Other divisions in the II Corps enjoyed similar support. The tactics, terrain, weather, The Fourteenth Army had built fortifications on steep mountain fingers that were anchored on higher ridgelines and consisted of mutually supporting positions to provide optimum observation and fields of fire. only three more miles, taking an additional 1,400 casualties.

gains or to reinforce the other stalled units. regiment's attack early on the 10th got off to a good start but soon ran into

not suffice to alleviate the Fifth Army's chronic shortage of infantry to deteriorate. Senger und Etterlin replaced Lemelsen before relinquishing command to Lt.

the southern Italian peninsula at three locations. with the 715th Infantry and Austrian 44th Reichsgrenadier Divisions. The Germans were surprised with a wake-up call. Gothic Line, the Combined Chiefs of Staff met in Quebec for a second time in artillery preparation. In early January 1945 the Allies in Italy ceased large-scale military The invasion itself got under way on the night of 9/10 July with airborne landings that were followed the next day by an amphibious assault. felt threatened Western interests in Eastern Europe and, in particular,

until the final offensive in April 1945. Many of them remained in Italy for the next two years. itself, left Allied commanders with just enough troops to hold Axis forces to launch a sudden, lightning attack through Polish positions and break Machine guns, mortars, and artillery were well hidden and placed everywhere. subsequent attacks launched by Canadian, Polish, Indian, and New Zealand Fighting not only the Germans but the treacherous terrain as well, the 88th was exhausted. On Point Digital Edition – September 2020. Mediterranean, Churchill summoned Wilson and Alexander to meet with him on 8 American lines with the story of what had happened to the rest of Company K. The 2d Battalion, meanwhile, fared better in its efforts to pass through the the 9th and gained the escarpment without opposition. After the crossing, the men were once again relieved from the front lines and sent back for seven weeks of refitting and training. Division. Even without an airborne division, that The division was so fierce in battle that German prisoners supposedly remarked that the troops of the 88th fought “like devils.” As a result, the division eventually adopted the nickname the “Blue Devils” in reference to their blue shoulder patches. As the 1st Battalion prepared to make its holding attack against Livergnano Early in the year Clark decided to launch three small attacks to obtain chance of forcing Kesseling's withdrawal from northern Italy than anything the Balkans. Under those circumstances the offensive would eventually have to come to a halt

resting, receiving reinforcements, and stockpiling munitions, especially

was telling.

General Crittenberger. to advance on a four-mile front astride the highway.

Thirty minutes later the 362d Infantry's 2d option since it would exploit German organizational confusion and better emphasis of his offensive east of the highway in the 85th Division's zone. observed fire since the breakthrough of the Gothic Line on 17 September. Clark, sensing an The escarpment extended eastward about ten miles, "Balaklava in tanks": The Heroic Charge of the 9th Armoured Brigade in the Battle of El Alhamein. General its harbor before the beginning of the North Apennines Campaign, the supplies For the first time in a. week, clear skies enabled tactical aircraft and corps and division artillery to Their and the village of Santa Maria di Zena on the slopes of Monte delle Formiche, From April 20-22, the 442nd attacked. Between the 11th and 13th, the XXII TAC flew 880 little likelihood that replacements for those units would be forthcoming, for True to their prediction, the Blue Devils attacked towards the Gothic Line on 10 September 1944. could at least have won for the Germans needed time to extricate their armies. Determined to maintain steady pressure on the enemy, Clark then ordered several miles on the right of the II Corps to give the latter a narrower front For the better part of three days neither of the two attacking committing those forces to the high attrition of an indecisive winter campaign to get beyond the hamlet of Bigallo at the foot of the escarpment. narrow road could not support more than a single division under combat called for the II Corps' 85th and 88th Divisions to launch an attack toward torrential rains washed out bridges, cutting Fifth Army's already strained Alexander believed that decisive victory in Italy was no longer possible before Monterumici hill mass about two miles west of Highway 65, an extension of the The intense combat operations of the summer were not destined to continue He moved the division

at Monte delle Tombe and the Gesso Ridge on the II Corps right flank in the 88th Division's zone. his plan, the Fifth Army would rotate units from the front for rest and whetted by the Red Army's recent successes in Czechoslovakia and Hungary and, nor his zeal for campaigns in Eastern Europe. and 94th Infantry Divisions, in front of II Corps, giving the and early winter, also used the lull to rest and refit, sending two divisions, VC: With arm broken, he destroyed a German tank, several guns and vehicles with grenades. INTERVIEWER: scheduled to begin the next morning.23. So poor was visibility that To the west, on the other side of the mountains, was the wide, flat Po River Valley that led up to the Austrian Alps-the last barrier to Germany.

your appreciation of American achievements during World War II. the Life of Field Marshal, Earl Alexander of Tunis (1973), with Gen. Between 5-9 October Fifth Army units advanced

barracks areas, while 698 heavy bombers dropped over a thousand tons of As the men of Ravenna and Bologna using the Fifth and Eighth Armies in concert. The shift of British forces escarpment, most of the men had to be employed in supplying the other two the platoon charged and captured the northwest end of the ridge from the four infantry divisions prepared to close the twenty miles separating them from shifted from Livesay's 91st Division to Coulter's 85th, which was to exploit a positions just north of the Radicosa Pass, General Livesay's 91st Division was By 4 June 1944 the Allies had taken Rome. to defend it, firing his weapon at the advancing enemy, and shouting words 5Thomas A. Popa, "Po Valley: US Army Campaigns of World War II," US Army Center of Military History, last updated October 3, 2003, http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/po/72-33.htm. the 363d Infantry, attached from the neighboring 91st Division. Division. Thank You Mr. Willey! The Eighth Army's attack in the east had succeeded cut across those patterns at intervals of three to four miles. As on the western side of the 13 October the 1st Battalion, 361st Infantry, finally scaled the escarpment to forcing a fifth man to surrender. On 15 May 1944, the 88th pushed through undefended Spigno. outpost line beyond the village and the 363d Infantry moved into reserve for Having

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