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types of gypsies

Holocaust Victim Assets Litigation (Swiss Banks) Special Master's Proposals, September 11, 2000, Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview. [How to reference and link to summary or text] In Norway, many Roma were forcibly sterilized by the state until 1977.[28][29]. There are two types of Gypsies – Roma Gypsies and Irish Travellers. [71] This immigration decreased drastically during the Communist regime in Eastern Europe, in the second half of the 20th century, but resumed in the 1990s, after the fall of Communism. Gypsies of the former USSR can be divided into more than ten groups distinguished by language or dialect, culture, and way of life. [10], The Roma are believed to have originated from Multan, located in the Punjab and Rajasthan regions of the Indian subcontinent. The term "gypsies" refers to an ethnic group of people called the Roma or the Romani (also spelled Romany). Because no accurate pre-war census figures exist for the Roma, it is impossible to accurately assess the actual number of victims.
Poor living conditions and lack of access to health services has, according to the BMA, made them the group with the lowest life expectancy and the highest child mortality rates in the UK. They have been known in the UK since at least the early 16th century and may number up to 120,000. [3] This widely dispersed ethnic group lives across the world not only near Southern and Eastern Europe,[4] but also in the American continent and the Middle East. [27][28][29][30][31][32], The Oxford English Dictionary states a 'gipsy' is a .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. In the course of their dispersion, the Roma lost their original Hindu identity and adopted the culture and religion of their host country. They were marked for extermination and sentenced to forced labor and imprisonment in concentration camps. European Parliament resolution on the situation of the Roma in the European Union, Final report on the human rights situation of the Roma, Sinti and travellers in Europe, Specialized Library with Archive "Studii Romani", Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma, https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Gypsies?oldid=172888, Pages needing enhanced psychological perspective, Norwegian and Swedish Travellers, a Romani people in Norway and Sweden, Yeniche (people), mostly in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, and Belgium, There is a sizeable population of Romani people in, “Germany Reaches Deal to Deport Thousands of Gypsies to Romania,”, Gray, RD; Atkinson, QD (2003). [36] If used, this exonym should also be written with capital letter, to show that it is about an ethnic group. The first and one of the most enduring persecutions against the Romani people was the enslaving of the Roma who arrived on the territory of the historical Romanian states of Wallachia and Moldavia, which lasted from the 14th century until the second half of the 19th century. Among them were Romani-speaking groups like the Kalderash, Machvaya, Lovari, Churari, and Romanian-speaking groups, like the Boyash (Ludari). [51], However, the practice of placing Roma students in segregated schools or classes remains widespread in countries across Central and Eastern Europe. Roma music plays an important role in Eastern European countries such as Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia, Albania, Hungary, Russia, and Romania, and the style and performance practices of Roma musicians have influenced European classical composers such as Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms. [49], They also argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalised their community, for example by removing local authorities’ responsibility to provide sites, thus leaving the travellers with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves. There are the Roma gypsies that originated from Northern India and traveled around Western Asia and south eastern Europe and the Irish Gypsies which are completely different. Turner, Ralph L. (1926) The Position of Romani in Indo-Aryan. In the text, emperor Constantine Monomachos employs the Adsincani to exterminate wild animals, who were destroying the game in the imperial park of Philopation.[50]. The number of Roma people in Hungary is disputed. Estimates of the population vary from 300.000 to 5 million, dispersed all across the country. In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became totally extinct. In either case, upon arrival, they became a distinct community. Ian Hancock, director of the Program of Romani Studies at The University of Texas at Austin, proposes a figure of up to a million and a half, while an estimate of between 220,000 and 500,000 was made by the late Sybil Milton, formerly senior historian of the U.S. 47.3% of Roma men carry Y chromosomes of haplogroup H-M82 which is otherwise rare outside of the Indian subcontinent[16]. URL: http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O204148/types-of-gypsies-photo In 800 CE, Saint Athanasia gave food to "foreigners called the Atsinganoi" near Thrace. Gypsies are a wide spread racial and ethnic group that are referred to or include: . The official number of Romani people is disputed in many countries. Outside Europe, Roma are referred to by more varied names, such as Kowli (کولی) in Iran; Lambani, Labana Lambadi, Rabari or Banjara in India; Ghajar (غجر) or Nawar (نور') in Arabic; and tzo'anim צוענים in Hebrew (after an ancient city in Egypt and the biblical verb צען ṣā‛an, roaming). Law enforcement agencies in the United States hold regular conferences [58] on the Roma and similar nomadic groups. When there were repeated raids by Mahmud of Ghazni and these soldiers were defeated, they were moved west with their families into the Byzantine Empire. The Roma ("Gypsies") of Europe were registered, sterilized, ghettoized, and then deported to concentration and death camps by the Nazis before and during World War II. This form of the disorder, caused by the 1267delG mutation, is otherwise only known in subjects of Indian ancestry[16]. The Roma are still thought of as wandering nomads in the popular imagination, despite the fact that today the vast majority live in permanent housing. Presently there are about one million Roma in the USA and 80,000 in Canada.[72]. [How to reference and link to summary or text]. There are no historical proofs to clarify the etymology of these words. In much of continental Europe, Romanies are known by names related to the Greek term τσιγγάνοι (tsinganoi): The name originates with Byzantine Greek ἀτσίγγανοι (atsinganoi, Latin adsincani) or ἀθίγγανοι (athinganoi, literally "untouchables"), a term applied to the sect of the Melchisedechians. As time passed, other accusations were added against local Roma (accusations specific to this area, against non-assimilated minorities), like that of bringing the plague, usually sharing their burden together with the local Jews. José Camino | Photograph - Types of Gypsies | photography | Spain | 1885 | dan_00342, Licensed and provided by: Victoria & Albert Museum (London/United Kingdom) | Licensed under: V&A | Terms & Conditions | Download via: V&A | Search the Collections, Object: Photograph [64] Estimates of the Spanish Gitano population range between 600,000 and 800,000 with the Spanish government estimating between 650,000 and 700,000. The number of Ciganos in Portugal is difficult to estimate, since there are no official statistics about race or ethnic categories.

Ofsted has reported that their children can be subject to bullying and have low levels of educational achievement and high rates of illiteracy. The movement is particularly strong in France and Spain; there are more than one thousand Romani churches (known as "Filadelfia") in Spain, with almost one hundred in Madrid alone. The policy was extended in areas occupied by the Nazis during the war, and it was also applied by their allies, notably the Independent State of Croatia, Romania and Hungary. The distinctive sound of Roma music has also strongly influenced bolero, jazz, and flamenco (especially cante jondo) in Europe. There are gitanas & gitanos (gypsies in Spanish) in Mexico, France, Spanish, Portugal. This population is caractherised by very low levels of educational qualification, social exclusion and residential and housing difficulties (mainly living in degrated ghettos). A UN study[55] found that Roma in Eastern European countries such as Bulgaria are arrested for robbery at a much higher rate than other groups. For this reason, the Banjara are considered related to the Romani people. Most of the neuter nouns became masculine while a few feminine, like the neuter अग्नि (agni) in the Prakrit became the feminine आग (āg) in Hindi and Jag in Romani. Then in 1782, Johann Christian Christoph Rüdiger published his research that pointed out the relationship between the Romani language and Hindustani[12]. Today every fifth or sixth newborn is Roma. ETHNONYMS: Self-designations: Lorn, Roma; Russian: Tsygane. The Roma of Turkey have achieved musical acclaim from national and local audiences. Romani religion has a highly developed sense of morality, taboos, and the supernatural, though it is often denigrated by organized religions. Blood Type Frequencies of Gypsies. It is therefore not considered possible that the Romas' ancestors left India prior to 1000 CE. This departure date is assumed because, linguistically speaking, the Romani language is a New Indo-Aryan language (NIA)--it has only two genders (masculine and feminine).
[11], Today, the term Romani is used by some organizations — including the United Nations and the US Library of Congress. 145–188. [31] In some countries, the majority of Roma now belong to the Romani churches. Amnesty International[56] and Roma groups such as the Union Romani blame widespread police and government racism and persecution.[57]. [3], [4]. This use of the term is synonymous with "pikey", which is seen by many as a derogatory term. By the 14th century, the Roma had reached the Balkans; by 1424 CE, Germany; and by the 16th century, Scotland and Sweden. Roma in Turkey are known as Chingene, Chingen or Chingan (Mostly), Chingit (West Black Sea region), Dom (East Anatolia), Posha (East Anatolia), Abdal (Kahramanmaraş), Roman (Izmir) [61]. Today it’s hard to give the definite population number of Gypsies all over the world but governments give close numbers of them. Blood groups in 2,935 Roms (Gypsies) of East Slovakia show the following frequencies of phenotypes and genes: A1A2BO phentopes: A1--32.91%, A2--2.42%, B--25.21%, O--30.15%, A1B--8.45%, A2B--0.85%, A1--0.2363, A2--0.0217, B--0.1929, O--0.5491. The word gipsy/gypsy comes from the spellings which had lost the initial capital E, and that is one reason that it is often spelled with the initial g in lowercase. [42], The arrival of some branches of the Romani people in Western Europe in the 15th century was precipitated by the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans.

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