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pros of wolf reintroduction

Wolves are protected under rule 10(j) of the Endangered Species Act. The Return of Canis Lupus? Wolves limit plant consumption by hunting herbivores and keeping their populations in check, in addition to eliciting fear responses. 1. Preventative measures are both available and useful for keeping the newly introduced wolf population from interfering with the regional livestock population. While once covering vast areas of the North American and European continent, the grey wolf was hunted to near extinction in the 1900’s due to mostly folk lore and fear. 9 July 2011 . (1997) found that no livestock were killed during the first phase of wolf reintroduction in 1995. The reintroduction of wolves into West Yellowstone National Park is detrimental to the quality of life in Yellowstone. Bundan 10 yıl öncesine gittiğimizde SEO’cu ya da sosyal medya uzmanı şimdikinden çok daha farklı görünüyordu ve o zamanlar ihtiyaç duyulandan tamamen yeni bir beceri seti gerektiriyor. This remarkable story of transformation is sure to captivate, and to inspire respect for nature’s surprisingly complex balancing act. "We When it comes to livestock depredation, wolves garner a great deal of attention yet they are only one of many concerns for ranchers in the greater Yellowstone area and have less of an impact than often is perceived. Volunteers only needed to collect 124,632 signatures by December 13, 2019, but have far surpassed that […] Grey wolf reintroduction: a rewilding too far? Ancak burada mutlaka güvenilir bir adres olmasına da dikkat edilmesi gerekiyor. Wolves benefit the environment through the top-down regulation of surrounding species. The Return of Canis lupus: The Case for Reintroduction. Wolf depredation trends and the use of fladry barriers to protect livestock in western North America. Retrieved from http://paperap.com/paper-on-wolf-reintroduction-to-yellowstone-park/. Çünkü sosyal medya platformlarının tamamı belli bir algoritmaya göre hareket eder ve hesapların güvenilirliğini bu algoritmaya göre belirler. An Impact on the Livestock Industry One big fear of many against wolf reintroduction is the impact that reintroduction could have on livestock. Yellowstone cutthroat trout and other native fish. AS of 2002 DOW had paid out approximately 270,000 dollars to ranchers in the Northern Rockies region (Wolf Management par. Sanders, Kevin. All royalties from sales of this book go to Yellowstone’s wolf recovery project Few animals inspire such a mixture of fear, curiosity, and wonder as the wolf. Pros And Cons Of Wolf Reintroduction 438 Words | 2 Pages. Livestock is more likely to be lost because of inclement weather, disease, and domestic dogs than it is by wolves. Scenario 1: Reintroduction of experimental populations of wolves. (1997). This book draws upon the experiences of some of the world’s foremost large carnivore specialists to discuss the numerous issues associated reintroducing large predators back into their natural habitats. They've been nearly hunted to extinction with only 50 wolves left in the wild when Yellowstone National Park was young. This condition is known as extirpation, an endangerment of the species around the region. It was again the fear and folklore surrounding the wolf that made the public uneasy and in need of education. Elk migrate during different seasons, and so wolves follow them closely, which can sometimes cause them to wander onto farmers’ lands. As the debate over wolf reintroduction continued, the rancher’s opposition to wolf recovery centered around two fundamental issues. Traces P.A.WS. founder, Bobbie Holaday's eleven year effort to preserve the natural wolf habitat of Arizona. promote the restoration of native pinewoods (Spinney, 1995). In Wolf Country tells the story of the first groups of wolves that emigrated from reintroduced areas in Idaho to re-colonize their former habitat in the Pacific Northwest, how government officials prepared for their arrival, and the battles ... The Pros of Wolf Reintroduction. Many people in the mainstream media have jumped on the "save the wolves" bandwagon, without knowing what the effect of the wolf on the ecosystem. There are many arguments for and against the restoration of wolves to their former, natural ranges throughout the American midwest. Then there is silence as the last remaining pack of wolves in the park falls. This page is for those looking for information, not graphics (though I do have links to graphics pages). Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. 9 July 2011 . Wolves help to boost ecotourism opportunities. 6 Pros and Cons of Wolf Reintroduction The visibility of wolves in some localities of the United States has become rare, particularly the gray and red variety. This critical edition explores the past and future of wolves in Colorado. Originally published in 1929, The Last Stand of the Pack is a historical account of the extermination of what were then believed to be the last wolves in Colorado. These suits were consolidated, and in December 1997, the judge found that the wolf reintroduction program in Yellowstone and central Idaho violated the intent of section 10(j) of the Endangered Species Act because there was a lack of geographic separation between fully protected wolves already . Çünkü bu tip bonuslarda herhangi bir şekilde emek vermeden bonus kazanılması mümkündür. Reintroduction is only considered where large tracts of suitable wilderness still exist and where certain prey species are . Reintroduction is defined as restoring a species to parts of its natural range from which it has been lost. (n.d.). Neither this concern regarding land use rights nor the concern over depredation could be answered easily (Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back par. 0. But wolves actually pose far less of a risk to livestock than many farmers believe. Students looking for free, top-notch essay and term paper samples on various topics. Meat prices going up & wolf kill. Any reintroduction would have to be carefully considered and have public support. “Ecological benefits of wolves. Wolf Reintroduction in Scotland. The Defenders of Wildlife will take time to work with interested ranchers to mediate concerns of wolf predation (Barton, 2005). BENEFITS OF REINTRODUCTION. 6 Pros and Cons of Wolf Reintroduction 6 Pros and Cons of Xenotransplantation . The Park Avenue Bank and Charles J. Antonucci, Sr. Although it is easy to focus on the perceived negative impacts of wolves, it is important to recognize the actual benefits they provide to our ecosystem. 0. The Cons of Wolf Reintroduction Of course the reintroduction of the gray wolf had many critics, from neighboring ranchers and farmers concerned for their livestock to residents concerned for their children and pets. Reintroduction is only considered where large tracts of suitable wilderness still exist and where certain prey species are . Restoration Ecology, 5(1), 7-27. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09702.x, George, J. com. Having Wolves in the Ecosystem PROS Radically changed behaviour of deer The height of trees grew Case Study. Retrieved from http://lordsofnature.org/documents/TheTruthAboutWolvesandLivestock.pdf, Yellowstone National Park. “ Very organized ,I enjoyed and Loved every bit of our professional interaction ”. water flow. This true story offers an important lesson about the difference one creature can make in creating a healthy, thriving world. By utilizing readily available resources like the Defenders of Wildlife, farmers can make better management decisions and protect their livelihoods without threatening the stability of a fragile ecosystem. Saturday, Jan. 25, 2020 9:03 AM. Under 10(j), states have flexibility in creating management plans; rural interests are more commonly catered to on the state level. Elk . Beschta, R., & Ripple, W. (2012). Wolf pack standing in the woods a cold winter day. duty to restore the damage done by human actions and replace lost species. A rancher from Dillon, Montana, expresses his fear, “We are more worried about the land grab with the wolf than we are depredation”. Yani herhangi bir yöneteninin, ülkesinin olmadığı bir para piyasasına girebilmek ister istemez insanların gözünü korkuturken bu piyasaya girmiş olan kişilere baktığımızda da her zaman kazanmışlardır. Wolves do more than hunt and kill. 9 July 2011 . Wolves in Adirondack Park could play a similar role and control the deer population. The wolves that were released outside the park in Idaho were given a hard release and mostly scattered and did not develop a pack bond like those in the acclimation pens (Sanders par. In the Northern Rocky Mountains, wolves now number approximately 1,700, and despite oppressive hunting seasons, wolf populations will probably keep growing. One 2011 article published by My Yellowstone Park indicates that wolf introduction in the Yellowstone area boosted the local economy by $5 million per year thanks to people traveling to spot these creatures. 3). Planning and implementing a reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. “Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back. ” April 2003. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. Introduction History Legal Obligations Problems Wolf Case Study. otters and herons. ” The George Wright Forum (2008): 17. Wolves benefit the environment through the top-down regulation of surrounding species. Mexican wolf reintroduction began in 1998, when 11 wolves were released in the Blue Primitive Area of east-central Arizona. (1997). The designation "experimental wolves"* gives the people who manage wolf populations more freedom in decision making and gives the wolves less protection. 2. . National Park Service debating wolf reintroduction on Isle Royale. * You talk about introducing prey animals. habitat loss. Wolves eat elk and elk eat aspen, so we believed that the lack of wolves actually led . Hard release is also less successful due to the territorial instincts of wolves, with wolves killing or fighting any other olf that may enter their territory. Rivers eroded the soil, becoming wider, shallower, and warmer without the shade and roots of the trees. in state budget year 2021-22 and $500,000 in state budget year 2022-23 for public outreach and development of a gray wolf reintroduction plan. Berry-producing shrub characteristics following wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. 5). Cosier, S. (2010). Since their reintroduction, the question of the presence of wolves in the American West has been the subject of an ongoing battle, a tug-of-war of between science and . Cosier  (2010) explains that even the simple existence of wolves within the park evokes a response in wild ungulates known as an “ecology of fear” (para. Wolves of Yellowstone. Vol. 3-4 edited by John D. Varley and Wayne G. Brewster; Sarah E. Broadbent and Renee Evanoff, technical editors. A simple fladry barrier around pastures would decrease the interaction between wolves and livestock, therefore decreasing livestock predation (Musiani, 2003). I have so many questions!! When the National Park Service worked to reintroduce wolves to Yellowstone National Park and other critical regions across the United States, there was a significant boost in ecotourism that occurred. In an open forum meeting in Grangeville, Idaho it was shown how much public education was needed when the local school superintendent raised concerns over rural children at bus stops being targets even though there is not one verified report of a human attack by wolves in North America (Wolf Reintroduction: How the wolves came back par. The breeding and pup survival was so high in fact that in just ten years the gray wolf was taken off the endangered species list and it’s status changed to threatened in the reater Yellowstone area. 8 Pros and Cons of Media Censorship. Ranchers are compensated for losses that occur because of wolves. 1. Wolves provide an invaluable benefit to the ecosystems of Yellowstone National Park and the Western United States, and so rather than hunting wolves, farmers should protect their livestock by using the ample resources available to them to prevent conflicts with wolves entirely. Elk migration patterns and human activity influence wolf habitat use in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Retrieved from http://www.yellowstonenationalpark.com/wildlife.htm. Reintroduction of wolves may be done in zones where there is sufficient space for jeopardized wolves to populate and support themselves. For this reason, almost all wolf reintroduction policies include compensation for losses that occur because of the . By regulating wildlife herds and reducing the prevalence of diseases, revitalizing riparian areas, reducing coyote densities, providing food for scavengers and indirectly improving conditions for a host of other species, wolves play an essential role in maintaining the ecological health and integrity of the landscape. 35. birds and other species higher up the food chain e.g. the quality of the rivers through self purification and decreasing the With less plant life, birds were left with no places to nest. Aksi takdirde hesabın zarar görmesi de söz konusu olacaktır. Decades later, the rangers brought them back, with the first wolves arriving from Canada in 1995. This is the incredible true story of one of those wolves. Habitat mapping, GPS collaring, fladry barriers, and support from organizations such as the Defenders of Wildlife can be used by farmers and wildlife officials to separate livestock from wolves without resorting to violence. John W. Duffield, Chris J. Neher, and David A. Patterson. The scientists behind the project believe that it is good for the gray wolf to return to Colorado but they also need Coloradans to also believe this. Researchers from the University of California at Berkeley determined that the combination of less snow and more wolves has benefited scavengers both big and small, from ravens to grizzly bears. Wolves Reintroducing wolves into national parks could restore ecosystems. While it is understandable for farmers to go to any means necessary to defend their livelihoods, they are in fact battling an insubstantial threat that can be avoided with less violent, more environmentally beneficial methods than simply shooting wolves. predators species encourage the healthy growth of prey populations. The dams also trap sediment, replenish ground water, and cool water temperature which has a direct effect on Yellowstone cutthroat trout, moose, waterfowl, muskrats and other rodents and numerous insects and amphibians (Ecological benefits of wolves par. ) This approach is more beneficial to ranchers than financial compensation for their losses because it allows them to learn first-hand about strategizing their management, aiding them over time (Barton, 2005). Twitter. .Volpi, G. (2003). Fritts et al. Imagine living with a pack of wolves! For National Geographic wildlife documentarians Jim and Jamie Dutcher, that dream came true. Join the Dutchers as they discover what life is like among wolves in the western wilderness. Ten years later there are nine colonies of beavers, all due to wolf depredation on elk. Contributors specifically explore the social, cultural, and ecological values that come into play in the debate, as they examine: the views of stakeholders in the Adirondack decision historical trends in public perception of restoration the ... Since the reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone, elk spend. Colorado Parks and Wildlife is hosting public meetings throughout the state to gather input on its Grey Wolf Reintroduction initiative, mandated by the November passage of Proposition 114 in Colorado. n. d. 2 July 2011 . 12). Fritts, S., Bangs, E., Fontaine, J., Johnson, M., Philips, M., Koch, E., & Gunson, J. List of Pros of Wolf Reintroduction. He added that scavengers that once relied on winter-killed elk for food now depend on wolf-killed elk. n. d. 3 July 2011 . Pros of the Reintroduction of Wolves in Colorado The Rocky Mountain Wolf Project aims at restoring gray wolves to Western Colorado. The use of GPS collars would allow tracking of both individual wolves and family packs to provide an idea of their migration patterns and territory boundaries (“8 Big Pros”). Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park. Another factor was that with the wolves out of the park the elk did not have any pressure from predators pushing them around the park, which in turn led to them staying in one area and over grazing (Farquhar par. Sosyal medya paneli sistemleri günümüzde bireysel ve kurumsal olarak pek çok kişinin en önemli ihtiyaçlarını kapatıyor. The move to reintroduce the wolf was very controversial with conservational and environmental groups pushing and supporting the measure but many ranchers and farmers in the area being very wary of it. May To help alleviate the ranchers concerns, Defenders of Wildlife, a nonprofit organization supporting wolf reintroduction launched a program to compensate ranchers and farmers who lost livestock to wolf depredation. Activists are working at the grass-roots level to change public opinion as they hope to eventually reintroduce packs of wolves into four regions of Colorado . Chronicles the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone National Park, the political machinations behind it, and the stories of the wolves themselves 2 July 2011 . 1. “Western Wolves coming off the endangered list. This is a system to reintroduce wolves in their natural surroundings like woodlands and national parks. Facebook. Reintroduction of wolves may be done in zones where there is sufficient space for jeopardized wolves to populate and support themselves. (2018, Jul 11). 0. Nelson, A. Ecological concerns contributed to the decision to return wolves and should play a role in how states manage this keystone species. They had in their natural environment their own predators, and their own typical catch. One other large issue is the large amount of money it takes to reintroduce a species. 7). “Wolf Management. Every issue will have its benefits and downfalls, especially a controversial issue such as reintroducing a predatory species into a state. be accompanied by restoration of suitable habitats e.g. of riparian woodland in conjunction with the reintroduction of beavers The year is 1926. Retrieved from Web of Science. Bitcoin piyasası hakkında insanların en çok merak ettiği şey bu sistemin nasıl para kazandırdığı konusunda olmuştur. This story is one of the greatest conservation stories of the 20th century that continues today. (2009). The Role of the Courts. I knew of the reintroduction of the wolves to Yellowstone Park but I thought it was only about returning a native species to its original habitat. Musiani, M., Mamo, C., Boitani, L., Breck, S., Callaghan, C., Gates, C., . Before wolf reintroduction, deep snows were the main determinant of whether an elk was going to die. Retrieved November 23, 2015, from http://www.defenders.org/gray-wolf/helping-ranchers-coexist-wolves, Martin, G. (2014). Innovative tools, such as guard dogs, electric fencing, and scare devices are brought to the attention of the farmers as options for wolf deterrence (“Helping Ranchers”, n.d.). Org. In Yellowstone Park, the reintroduced wolves control the hoofed animal population, which benefits the natural surroundings and smaller herbivores. ” 27 Feburary 2008. msnbc. A survey conducted in 2005 by Yellowstone staff estimates that wolves bring in approximately 22 to 48 million annually (John W. Duffield 17). Montana fish, wildlife and parks. Finally, in 1994 the Secretary of the Interior signed off on the Final Environmental Impact Statement or FEIS, allowing the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone (National Park Service par. In 1991 Congress authorized funds to conduct a study of introducing wolves back into the park in a joint plan between USFWS, National Park Service (NPS) and the U. S. Forest Service (National Park Service par. A Boosted Ecotourism Economy. After a nearly 70 year absence, in January of 1995, 14 wolves from separate packs were captured in the Canadian Rockies and transported to Yellowstone National Park in the states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho (Sanders par. 4). State spending. (2006). Pros And Cons Of Wolf Reintroduction. 12) Pros of Wolf Reintroduction One of the biggest pros since the reintroduction of the gray wolf into the greater Yellowstone area is that of the economic impact it has had on the region. I was amazed at how the ecosystem has not only grown but flourished with their reintroduction. that reintroduction of wolves has benefited the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem by some $35 million in tourist revenue, and whilst no formal study has been carried out on the potential impact of wolf tourism in the Scottish Highlands, wildlife tourism and ecotourism is a growth industry 1). However, Yellowstone National Park (2013) asserts that “No wolf has attacked a human in Yellowstone” (“Wolves”). With more wolves in the park, the likelihood of tourists crossing paths with these carnivores increases. There can be many prime reasons why the reintroduction of the wolf may be a good or bad idea. The good thing is that people come to Yellowstone and spend money in and around the surrounding States. Yani sosyal medya da trend olabilmek ve hizmetlerinizin daha geniş bir kitleye ulaşmasını sağlamak profesyonel anlamda sizin de en iyisini yapmanızı gerekli kılar. It is estimated that since the initial introduction of 66 wolves in the mid 1990’s the population has soared to an estimated 1500 in the Idaho, Wyoming and Montana area surrounding the park (Associated Press par. By providing proactive methods of livestock protection, the Defenders of Wildlife are working to decrease the lethal backlash cast upon the wolves (“Helping Ranchers”, n.d.). In addition to program jobs and tourism benefits, the ecological benefits can be demonstrated by a wolf reintroduction One crucial resource is the Defenders of Wildlife group, which is a national conservation organization dedicated to the protection of wildlife in North America (“Helping Ranchers”, n.d.). 2). In March of 1995, three of the packs were released in Yellowstone, but with one issue; the wolves refused to exit through the gate because they had associated it with humans, forcing the park rangers to cut a hole in the side of the enclosure for them to escape (Sanders par. Your email address will not be published. A., Kauffman, M. J., Middelton, A. D., Jimenez, M. D., McWhirter, D. E., Barber, J., Gerow, K. (2012). New research on wolf reintroduction in Scotland indicates that for them to be effective at directly reducing red deer numbers and allowing nature to recover in the Highlands, they may need to be reintroduced to very large fenced reserve. Wolf reintroduction to Scotland: public attitudes and consequences for red deer management, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biologial Sciences, 31 January, 2007. For over fifty years, these predators were viewed as just that – wild animals that ate people and livestock – and were hunted to the point of local extinction. Audubon. This unintentional boundary crossing onto farmland can cause major issues for the livestock in the area. and other "dangerous" species may in particular attract visitors. Obligations ProblemsWolf " With this gift edition of A Sand County Almanac, a new generation of readers can walk beside one of America's most respected naturalists as he conveys the beauty of a marsh before sunrise or the wealth of history to be found in an ancient ... Henry Zimmerman: If this measure were to get enough signatures and pass in 2020, what would happen? Are the original predators active in the territory? (2015). .Volpi, G. (2003). Conservation Biology, 17(6), 1538-1547. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00063.x, National Parks Service. Biologists support Oyuncuların en çok tercih ettiği ise çevrim şartı olmayan bonus türüdür. Hamann, Jack. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/wolf-restoration.htm. Wolves have once roamed all over the country. Retrieved from http://www.jyi.org/issue/restoration-or-destruction-the-controversy-over-wolf-reintroduction, Beschta, R., & Ripple, W. (2012). Wolf Reintroduction to Yellowstone Park 2530 Words | 11 Pages. 4). More opposition to the wolf reintroduction comes from hunters, specifically hunting outfitters. CNN. Reintroduction of species into a habitat can restore the emergent properties of that ecosystem OR can prove to be more complicated than anticipated. An array of resources is available for farmers to learn how to implement livestock protection methods into their farming strategies. Reintroductions may include animals that have spent some of their early life-stages being cared for in a . Elk overpopulated the region, devouring trees and shrubs. I try to make this site as INFORMATIVE as possible. Retrieved from http://www.jyi.org/issue/restoration-or-destruction-the-controversy-over-wolf-reintroduction. Those on either side of the debate, the pro-reintroduction environmentalists and the anti-reintroduction ranchers, are passionate about their beliefs, and this fact has made the plans to return wolves to Yellowstone and other Midwestern areas incredibly controversial. COLORADO SPRINGS — The plan for the reintroduction of wild wolves to Colorado is moving forward. Beaver Wolf kills are legal under rule 10(j), depending on judicial interpretation. This is a system to reintroduce wolves in their natural surroundings like woodlands and national parks. These workers help the ranchers to strategize their farming techniques to reduce the livestock losses due to wolves (Barton, 2005). 5 years ago Pros and Cons Dangers vs. Benefits, List of Negative Effects. Your email address will not be published. By protecting livestock through preventative measures, such as physical barriers and migration mapping, and reaching out to farmers about how to use these and other methods to better manage and protect their herds, it will be possible to prevent livestock losses while maintaining a natural balance in the Yellowstone National Park ecosystem. n. d. 6 July 2011 . Moose. Carrying Capacity Cons: Disadvantages of Having Wolves in an Ecosystem The wolves would prey on livestock, thus affecting business of farming and/or ranching. Photograph: Drew Buckley/Alamy. With the tremendous development of technology in the time since the wolves were reintroduced, there are various options to monitor the population of wolves. I do have a friend that works for the forest service maybe that is a good place . Yellowstone-Bearman. By reducing prey numbers, dispersing these animals on the landscape, and removing sick animals, wolves also may reduce the transmission and prevalence of wildlife diseases such as chronic wasting disease and brucellosis (Ecological benefits of wolves par 2). Encourage wolf populations to naturally expand into Idaho and Yellowstone. As stated earlier it is estimated that as of 2008 approximately 27 million dollars of federal money has been spent to support the reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park (Associated Press par. A lyrical account of the author's long-time love affair with wolves offers thoughtful insights into the role of the wilderness in the American cultural consciousness and describes the long and difficult efforts to restore wild wolves to ... Wolf hunting seasons have been I wanted to address and touch on some Pros & Cons that will arise throughout the next few years. In 2015, wolves were responsible for 158 cattle deaths, 218 sheep deaths, 5 dog deaths, and 3 dead horses across 5 states included in the study where wild wolves roam. This cumulative evidence suggests that had wolves not been reintroduced, the ecosystem would have slowly collapsed due to a lack of structure and regulation. Once the area's signature tune, it had been silenced by a massive, well-coordinated federal program initiated in the early years of the 20th century, when . Without the presence of wolves, primary consumers overpopulate, causing vegetation levels to rapidly decrease ("8 Big Pros") . This incites a violent response as farmers kill the wolves to protect their livestock (“Helping Ranchers”). Wolf reintroduction has grown the local economy in the greater Yellowstone Area through tourism and increased recreational activity. All rights reserved. For Without the regulation of the trophic cascade, wild flora and fauna suffer, and the geography of the region itself can be altered. When you begin to follow a group of friends, then you have a chance to see all of their traits. Historical records and intensive field surveys 1975-77 provided information on the population history, ecology, and current status of wolves (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park and vicinity. Proposition 114 would direct Colorado Parks and Wildlife to reintroduce gray wolves to the Western Slope by the end of 2023. In the early 1900's, the loss of habitat and extermination programs led to the gray wolf's demise. Wildlife. These are the pros and cons of wolf reintroduction to consider. Once the wolves were released two of the packs left the park and set up their territory leaving only one group initially setting up inside the park. Propulsive and spell-binding, Charlotte McConaghy's Once There Were Wolves is the unforgettable story of a woman desperate to save the creatures she loves—if she isn’t consumed by a wild that was once her refuge.

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